End User / End Customer

End User/End Customer refers to the individual or organization that ultimately uses or consumes a product, rather than an intermediary, distributor, or agent. In foreign trade, it emphasizes the endpoint of product circulation and typically does not engage in resale. Usage scenarios include: distinguishing end customers from traders during quotation (e.g., end customers may require customized packaging or technical documentation); analyzing end-user needs in market research; and providing after-sales service directly to end customers. Notes: Different from 'Customer,' which may include intermediaries; similar to 'Ultimate Consumer,' but end customer may apply to industrial goods, while ultimate consumer is more consumer-oriented. Difference: Distributors purchase for resale, while end customers purchase for their own use. Foreign trade practitioners need to clarify end customer identity to determine pricing strategies, minimum order quantities, after-sales responsibilities, etc., and avoid channel conflicts.