The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by behavioral economists, suggests that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence individual decision-making without restricting freedom of choice. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in pension plans, while allowing them to opt out, dramatically increases participation rates compared to requiring active enrollment. However, critics argue that nudges can be manipulative, as they exploit cognitive biases rather than appealing to rational deliberation. Proponents counter that well-designed nudges are transparent and aim to improve welfare, such as promoting healthier eating or energy conservation. The ethical debate centers on the boundary between paternalistic guidance and respect for autonomy, raising questions about when it is permissible to steer individuals toward choices they might not consciously endorse.
❓ Какова основная этическая проблема, поднятая в отношении теории подталкивания в данном отрывке?
A. A) Подталкивания всегда неэффективны в изменении поведения.
B. B) Подталкивания могут манипулировать людьми, используя когнитивные искажения.
C. C) Подталкивания ограничивают свободу выбора людей.
D. D) Подталкивания используются только в коммерческих целях.
✅ 正确答案
B) Nudges may manipulate individuals by exploiting cognitive biases.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first