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The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by behavioral economists, suggests that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence individual decision-making without restricting freedom of choice. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in pension plans, while allowing them to opt out, dramatically increases participation rates compared to requiring active enrollment. However, critics argue that nudges can be manipulative, as they exploit cognitive biases rather than appealing to rational deliberation. Proponents counter that well-designed nudges are transparent and aim to improve welfare, such as promoting healthier eating or energy conservation. The ethical debate centers on the boundary between paternalistic guidance and respect for autonomy, raising questions about when it is permissible to steer individuals toward choices they might not consciously endorse.