The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by behavioral economists, suggests that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence individual decision-making without restricting freedom of choice. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in pension plans, while allowing them to opt out, dramatically increases participation rates compared to requiring active enrollment. However, critics argue that nudges can be manipulative, as they exploit cognitive biases rather than appealing to rational deliberation. Proponents counter that well-designed nudges are transparent and aim to improve welfare, such as promoting healthier eating or energy conservation. The ethical debate centers on the boundary between paternalistic guidance and respect for autonomy, raising questions about when it is permissible to steer individuals toward choices they might not consciously endorse.
❓ What is the main ethical concern raised about nudge theory in the passage?
A. A) Nudges are always ineffective in changing behavior.
B. B) Nudges may manipulate individuals by exploiting cognitive biases.
C. C) Nudges restrict people's freedom to choose.
D. D) Nudges are only used for commercial purposes.
✅ 正确答案
B) Nudges may manipulate individuals by exploiting cognitive biases.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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