The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early theorists, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography fundamentally shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. In contrast, the modern approach, known as possibilism, posits that while the environment offers a range of opportunities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately determine outcomes. Recent studies in sustainability science have further nuanced this debate, suggesting that human-environment interactions are reciprocal, with technological advancements enabling societies to mitigate environmental constraints, yet also creating new vulnerabilities such as resource depletion. This evolving discourse underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in addressing contemporary ecological challenges.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론과 가능론 사이의 핵심 차이점은 무엇인가?
A. A. 결정론은 인간의 능동성을 강조하는 반면, 가능론은 이를 무시한다.
B. B. 가능론은 환경을 제한 요소로 보는 반면, 결정론은 환경을 무관한 것으로 본다.
C. C. 결정론은 환경이 인간 발달을 결정한다고 주장하는 반면, 가능론은 환경적 한계 내에서 인간의 선택을 강조한다.
D. D. 가능론은 기술의 역할을 거부하는 반면, 결정론은 기술을 수용한다.
✅ 正确答案
C. Determinism claims the environment dictates human development, whereas possibilism highlights human choice within environmental limits.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
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