The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early theorists, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography fundamentally shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. In contrast, the modern approach, known as possibilism, posits that while the environment offers a range of opportunities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately determine outcomes. Recent studies in sustainability science have further nuanced this debate, suggesting that human-environment interactions are reciprocal, with technological advancements enabling societies to mitigate environmental constraints, yet also creating new vulnerabilities such as resource depletion. This evolving discourse underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in addressing contemporary ecological challenges.
❓ この文章によると、環境決定論と可能論の間の重要な違いは何ですか？
A. A. 決定論は人間の主体的行為を重視する一方、可能論はそれを無視する。
B. B. 可能主義は環境を制限要因と見なす一方、決定論はそれを無関係と見なす。
C. C. 決定論は環境が人間の発達を決定づけると主張する一方、可能論は環境の制約の中で人間の選択を重視する。
D. D. 可能論は技術の役割を否定する一方、決定論はそれを受け入れる。
✅ 正确答案
C. Determinism claims the environment dictates human development, whereas possibilism highlights human choice within environmental limits.
IELTS Reading Tips
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