The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early theorists, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography fundamentally shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. In contrast, the modern approach, known as possibilism, posits that while the environment offers a range of opportunities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately determine outcomes. Recent studies in sustainability science have further nuanced this debate, suggesting that human-environment interactions are reciprocal, with technological advancements enabling societies to mitigate environmental constraints, yet also creating new vulnerabilities such as resource depletion. This evolving discourse underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in addressing contemporary ecological challenges.