The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early theorists, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography fundamentally shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. In contrast, the modern approach, known as possibilism, posits that while the environment offers a range of opportunities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately determine outcomes. Recent studies in sustainability science have further nuanced this debate, suggesting that human-environment interactions are reciprocal, with technological advancements enabling societies to mitigate environmental constraints, yet also creating new vulnerabilities such as resource depletion. This evolving discourse underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in addressing contemporary ecological challenges.
❓ According to the passage, what is a key difference between environmental determinism and possibilism?
A. A. Determinism emphasizes human agency, while possibilism ignores it.
B. B. Possibilism views the environment as a limiting factor, while determinism sees it as irrelevant.
C. C. Determinism claims the environment dictates human development, whereas possibilism highlights human choice within environmental limits.
D. D. Possibilism rejects the role of technology, while determinism embraces it.
✅ 正确答案
C. Determinism claims the environment dictates human development, whereas possibilism highlights human choice within environmental limits.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first