The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized in the mid-20th century for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Contemporary scholars, while rejecting strict determinism, acknowledge that environmental factors can create constraints or opportunities, but human agency and technological innovation often mediate these influences. This nuanced view suggests that the relationship between environment and society is interactive and dynamic, rather than unidirectional.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main shift in scholarly thinking about environmental influences on society?
A. A) From complete rejection to full acceptance of environmental determinism.
B. B) From a deterministic view to a more interactive and mediated perspective.
C. C) From focusing on climate to focusing solely on topography.
D. D) From supporting colonialism to advocating for environmental protection.
✅ 正确答案
B) From a deterministic view to a more interactive and mediated perspective.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first