The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. While this theory gained prominence in the early 20th century, it was later criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Modern scholarship, however, has revisited this idea with more nuance, arguing that environmental factors do not dictate outcomes but rather set constraints and opportunities. For instance, societies in arid regions may develop water-conservation technologies, but their political systems or religious beliefs are not solely products of their environment. This revised perspective, known as 'possibilism,' acknowledges human agency while recognizing the significant influence of ecological contexts. Researchers now emphasize that sustainable development requires understanding these bidirectional relationships, as environmental changes can trigger social adaptations, which in turn may alter the environment further.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between traditional environmental determinism and modern possibilism?
A. A. Possibilism rejects any influence of the environment on human societies.
B. B. Possibilism recognizes both human agency and environmental constraints, whereas determinism sees environment as the primary cause.
C. C. Determinism focuses on technological adaptations, while possibilism ignores them.
D. D. Possibilism argues that all societal features are shaped by climate, unlike determinism.
✅ 正确答案
B. Possibilism recognizes both human agency and environmental constraints, whereas determinism sees environment as the primary cause.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first