The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized in the mid-20th century for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Contemporary scholars, while rejecting strict determinism, acknowledge that environmental factors can create constraints or opportunities, but human agency and technological innovation often mediate these influences. This nuanced view suggests that the relationship between environment and society is interactive and dynamic, rather than unidirectional.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 학계의 환경이 사회에 미치는 영향에 대한 사고방식의 주요 변화는 무엇인가?
A. A) 환경 결정론에 대한 완전한 거부에서 완전한 수용까지.
B. B) 결정론적 관점에서 더 상호작용적이고 매개된 관점으로.
C. C) 기후에 초점을 맞추는 것에서 지형에만 초점을 맞추는 것으로.
D. D) 식민주의 지지에서 환경 보호 옹호로.
✅ 正确答案
B) From a deterministic view to a more interactive and mediated perspective.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first