The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious topic in geography. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized in the mid-20th century for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Contemporary scholars, while rejecting strict determinism, acknowledge that environmental factors can create constraints or opportunities, but human agency and technological innovation often mediate these influences. This nuanced view suggests that the relationship between environment and society is interactive and dynamic, rather than unidirectional.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es el cambio principal en el pensamiento académico sobre las influencias ambientales en la sociedad?
A. A) Desde el rechazo total hasta la plena aceptación del determinismo ambiental.
B. B) De una visión determinista a una perspectiva más interactiva y mediada.
C. C) De centrarse en el clima a centrarse únicamente en la topografía.
D. D) De apoyar el colonialismo a abogar por la protección del medio ambiente.
✅ 正确答案
B) From a deterministic view to a more interactive and mediated perspective.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first