The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational settings, instructional design aims to manage this load to optimize learning. According to Sweller's cognitive load theory, learning is hindered when the intrinsic load (complexity of the material) and extraneous load (manner of presentation) exceed the learner's capacity. However, recent research suggests that a moderate level of germane load, which involves the deliberate construction of schemas, can enhance long-term retention. For instance, a study by Kalyuga (2011) found that novice learners benefit from worked examples, while experts may experience a 'reversal effect' where such examples impede performance due to redundant information. This implies that instructional methods must be adapted to the learner's level of expertise, rather than being universally applied.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 전문성 역전 효과가 교수 설계에 주는 주요 시사점은 무엇인가?
A. 모든 학습자를 위해 작업 예시를 사용하여 인지 부하를 줄여야 한다.
B. B) 교수 방법은 학습자의 사전 지식에 따라 달라져야 한다.
C. C) 전문가에게는 내재적 부하보다 외부적 부하가 더 중요하다.
D. D) 인지부하를 최소화하여 작업 기억에 과부하가 걸리지 않도록 해야 한다.
✅ 正确答案
B) Instructional methods should vary based on the learner's prior knowledge.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first