The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational settings, instructional design aims to manage this load to optimize learning. According to Sweller's cognitive load theory, learning is hindered when the intrinsic load (complexity of the material) and extraneous load (manner of presentation) exceed the learner's capacity. However, recent research suggests that a moderate level of germane load, which involves the deliberate construction of schemas, can enhance long-term retention. For instance, a study by Kalyuga (2011) found that novice learners benefit from worked examples, while experts may experience a 'reversal effect' where such examples impede performance due to redundant information. This implies that instructional methods must be adapted to the learner's level of expertise, rather than being universally applied.
❓ According to the passage, what is the primary implication of the expertise reversal effect for instructional design?
A. A) Worked examples should be used for all learners to reduce cognitive load.
B. B) Instructional methods should vary based on the learner's prior knowledge.
C. C) Extraneous load is more important than intrinsic load for experts.
D. D) Germane load should be minimized to avoid overloading working memory.
✅ 正确答案
B) Instructional methods should vary based on the learner's prior knowledge.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first