The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational settings, instructional design aims to manage this load to optimize learning. According to Sweller's cognitive load theory, learning is hindered when the intrinsic load (complexity of the material) and extraneous load (manner of presentation) exceed the learner's capacity. However, recent research suggests that a moderate level of germane load, which involves the deliberate construction of schemas, can enhance long-term retention. For instance, a study by Kalyuga (2011) found that novice learners benefit from worked examples, while experts may experience a 'reversal effect' where such examples impede performance due to redundant information. This implies that instructional methods must be adapted to the learner's level of expertise, rather than being universally applied.
❓ 根据文章，专业知识反转效应对教学设计的主要启示是什么？
A. 全学習者に対して、作業例を使用すべきである。これにより認知的負荷を軽減できる。
B. B) 指導方法は、学習者の既存の知識に基づいて変化させるべきである。
C. C) エキスパートにとって、外的負荷は内的負荷よりも重要である。
D. D) 関連負荷は、作業記憶の過負荷を避けるために最小限に抑えるべきである。
✅ 正确答案
B) Instructional methods should vary based on the learner's prior knowledge.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first