The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational settings, instructional design aims to manage this load to optimize learning. According to Sweller's cognitive load theory, learning is hindered when the intrinsic load (complexity of the material) and extraneous load (manner of presentation) exceed the learner's capacity. However, recent research suggests that a moderate level of germane load, which involves the deliberate construction of schemas, can enhance long-term retention. For instance, a study by Kalyuga (2011) found that novice learners benefit from worked examples, while experts may experience a 'reversal effect' where such examples impede performance due to redundant information. This implies that instructional methods must be adapted to the learner's level of expertise, rather than being universally applied.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es la implicación principal del efecto de reversión de la pericia para el diseño instruccional?
A. A) Deben utilizarse ejemplos resueltos para todos los estudiantes con el fin de reducir la carga cognitiva.
B. B) Los métodos de instrucción deben variar según el conocimiento previo del aprendiz.
C. C) La carga extrínseca es más importante que la carga intrínseca para los expertos.
D. D) La carga pertinente debe minimizarse para evitar sobrecargar la memoria de trabajo.
✅ 正确答案
B) Instructional methods should vary based on the learner's prior knowledge.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first