The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Modern scholarship, by contrast, emphasizes 'possibilism,' which posits that while the environment imposes certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation allow societies to adapt and thrive in diverse conditions. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia toward recognizing the multifaceted relationship between humans and their surroundings, where neither natural forces nor cultural choices act as sole determinants.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론과 가능론 사이의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가?
A. A. 환경 결정론은 기후를 무시하는 반면, 가능론은 기후에 초점을 맞춘다.
B. B. 환경결정론은 환경을 주요 결정 요인으로 보는 반면, 가능주의는 인간의 적응 가능성을 인정한다.
C. C. 가능론은 모든 환경적 영향을 거부하는 반면, 결정론은 이를 수용한다.
D. D. 두 이론 모두 사회 발전에서 기술의 역할을 동등하게 강조한다.
✅ 正确答案
B. Environmental determinism views environment as the primary shaper, while possibilism allows for human adaptation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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