The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Modern scholarship, by contrast, emphasizes 'possibilism,' which posits that while the environment imposes certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation allow societies to adapt and thrive in diverse conditions. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia toward recognizing the multifaceted relationship between humans and their surroundings, where neither natural forces nor cultural choices act as sole determinants.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between environmental determinism and possibilism?
A. A. Environmental determinism ignores climate, while possibilism focuses on it.
B. B. Environmental determinism views environment as the primary shaper, while possibilism allows for human adaptation.
C. C. Possibilism rejects all environmental influences, while determinism accepts them.
D. D. Both theories equally emphasize the role of technology in societal development.
✅ 正确答案
B. Environmental determinism views environment as the primary shaper, while possibilism allows for human adaptation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first