The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Modern scholarship, by contrast, emphasizes 'possibilism,' which posits that while the environment imposes certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation allow societies to adapt and thrive in diverse conditions. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia toward recognizing the multifaceted relationship between humans and their surroundings, where neither natural forces nor cultural choices act as sole determinants.
❓ 根据文章所述，环境决定论与可能论之间的主要区别是什么？
A. A. 环境决定论忽视了气候，而可能论则侧重于气候。
B. B. 环境决定论视环境为主要塑造者，而可能论则允许人类进行适应。
C. C. 可能论否定所有环境的影响，而决定论则接受它们。
D. D. 两种理论都同样强调技术在社会发展中的作用。
✅ 正确答案
B. Environmental determinism views environment as the primary shaper, while possibilism allows for human adaptation.