The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human activities and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. While this theory gained prominence in the early 20th century, it has been criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Contemporary scholars argue that technological advancements and globalization have diminished the direct influence of environment, yet they acknowledge that resource scarcity and climate change still impose significant constraints on human societies. This nuanced perspective suggests that environmental factors are not deterministic but rather act as one of several variables in a dynamic system of socio-economic adaptation.
❓ According to the passage, what is the current scholarly view on environmental influence?
A. A. Environmental factors are the sole determinants of societal development.
B. B. Technology has completely eliminated environmental constraints.
C. C. Environment is one of several factors affecting societies, not an absolute determinant.
D. D. Climate change has more impact than technological advancement.
✅ 正确答案
C. Environment is one of several factors affecting societies, not an absolute determinant.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first