The concept of 'environmental determinism', which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of intense debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with lethargy. However, this perspective has been widely criticized for its ethnocentric bias and oversimplification. Modern scholarship emphasizes the role of human agency, technological adaptation, and cultural factors, suggesting that environmental conditions offer constraints and opportunities rather than fixed outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards recognizing the complex interplay between nature and nurture.
❓ 본문에서 언급된 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 기술 적응을 지나치게 강조한다.
B. 그것은 기후가 인간 행동에 미치는 영향을 무시한다.
C. 편향되어 있으며 환경과 사회의 관계를 지나치게 단순화하고 있다.
D. 문화적 요소에 너무 초점을 맞추고 있다.
✅ 正确答案
It is biased and oversimplifies the relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first