The concept of 'environmental determinism', which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of intense debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with lethargy. However, this perspective has been widely criticized for its ethnocentric bias and oversimplification. Modern scholarship emphasizes the role of human agency, technological adaptation, and cultural factors, suggesting that environmental conditions offer constraints and opportunities rather than fixed outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards recognizing the complex interplay between nature and nurture.
❓ What is the main criticism of environmental determinism mentioned in the passage?
A. It overemphasizes technological adaptation.
B. It ignores the influence of climate on human behavior.
C. It is biased and oversimplifies the relationship between environment and society.
D. It focuses too much on cultural factors.
✅ 正确答案
It is biased and oversimplifies the relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first