The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human activities and societal development are primarily shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been largely discredited in modern academia for its oversimplification of complex human-environment interactions. Contemporary scholars argue that while physical geography sets certain constraints, human innovation, cultural values, and technological advancements can significantly modify these environmental influences. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying and flood-prone terrain, has thrived through sophisticated water management systems. This shift from determinism to 'possibilism' highlights the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between societies and their environments, emphasizing human agency over passive adaptation.
❓ Какой основной аргумент представлен в отрывке?
A. A. Экологический детерминизм остаётся обоснованной концепцией для понимания развития общества.
B. B. Человеческие общества полностью независимы от своей физической среды.
C. C. Современная география отвергает экологический детерминизм в пользу поссибилизма, признавая роль человеческой деятельности в формировании результатов.
D. D. Нидерланды являются примером того, как климат определяет экономический успех.
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern geography rejects environmental determinism in favor of possibilism, recognizing human agency in shaping outcomes.
IELTS Reading Tips
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