The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human activities and societal development are primarily shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been largely discredited in modern academia for its oversimplification of complex human-environment interactions. Contemporary scholars argue that while physical geography sets certain constraints, human innovation, cultural values, and technological advancements can significantly modify these environmental influences. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying and flood-prone terrain, has thrived through sophisticated water management systems. This shift from determinism to 'possibilism' highlights the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between societies and their environments, emphasizing human agency over passive adaptation.
❓ 본문에서 제시된 주요 주장은 무엇인가?
A. A. 환경 결정론은 사회 발전을 이해하는 데 여전히 유효한 틀로 남아 있다.
B. B. 인간 사회는 물리적 환경과 전혀 무관하다.
C. C. 현대 지리학은 환경 결정론을 거부하고 가능론을 지지하며, 결과를 형성하는 데 있어 인간의 주체적 역할을 인식한다.
D. D. 네덜란드는 기후가 경제적 성공을 어떻게 좌우하는지를 보여주는 사례이다.
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern geography rejects environmental determinism in favor of possibilism, recognizing human agency in shaping outcomes.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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