The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human activities and societal development are primarily shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been largely discredited in modern academia for its oversimplification of complex human-environment interactions. Contemporary scholars argue that while physical geography sets certain constraints, human innovation, cultural values, and technological advancements can significantly modify these environmental influences. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying and flood-prone terrain, has thrived through sophisticated water management systems. This shift from determinism to 'possibilism' highlights the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between societies and their environments, emphasizing human agency over passive adaptation.
❓ What is the main argument presented in the passage?
A. A. Environmental determinism remains a valid framework for understanding societal development.
B. B. Human societies are entirely independent of their physical environment.
C. C. Modern geography rejects environmental determinism in favor of possibilism, recognizing human agency in shaping outcomes.
D. D. The Netherlands is an example of how climate dictates economic success.
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern geography rejects environmental determinism in favor of possibilism, recognizing human agency in shaping outcomes.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first