The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human activities and societal development are primarily shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been largely discredited in modern academia for its oversimplification of complex human-environment interactions. Contemporary scholars argue that while physical geography sets certain constraints, human innovation, cultural values, and technological advancements can significantly modify these environmental influences. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying and flood-prone terrain, has thrived through sophisticated water management systems. This shift from determinism to 'possibilism' highlights the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between societies and their environments, emphasizing human agency over passive adaptation.
❓ この文章で提示されている主な主張は何ですか？
A. A. 環境決定論は、社会の発展を理解するための有効な枠組みであり続けている。
B. B. 人間社会は物理的環境から完全に独立している。
C. C. 現代地理学は環境決定論を退け、可能論を支持し、結果を形作る上での人間の主体性を認識している。
D. D. オランダは、気候が経済的成功を左右する一例である。
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern geography rejects environmental determinism in favor of possibilism, recognizing human agency in shaping outcomes.
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