The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial expansion. Modern scholarship, such as that by Jared Diamond, offers a more nuanced view: while environmental factors can influence the availability of resources and the spread of technologies, they do not dictate cultural or political outcomes. Instead, human agency, historical contingencies, and global interconnectedness play equally critical roles. This shift reflects a broader move in academia toward recognizing the agency of local populations and the importance of context-specific analysis in understanding societal trajectories.
❓ Согласно тексту, в чем заключается ключевое различие между ранним экологическим детерминизмом и современной наукой?
A. Ранние ученые игнорировали роль климата, тогда как современные ученые подчеркивают ее.
B. Современные ученые отвергают все экологические влияния на общество.
C. Ранние ученые рассматривали окружающую среду как основной определяющий фактор, тогда как современные ученые видят в ней лишь один из многих факторов.
D. Современные ученые сосредоточены только на политических результатах, в отличие от ранних ученых.
✅ 正确答案
Early scholars saw environment as a primary determinant, while modern scholars view it as one factor among many.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
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