The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial expansion. Modern scholarship, such as that by Jared Diamond, offers a more nuanced view: while environmental factors can influence the availability of resources and the spread of technologies, they do not dictate cultural or political outcomes. Instead, human agency, historical contingencies, and global interconnectedness play equally critical roles. This shift reflects a broader move in academia toward recognizing the agency of local populations and the importance of context-specific analysis in understanding societal trajectories.
❓ 根据文章，早期环境决定论与现代学术研究之间的一个关键区别是什么？
A. 初期の学者たちは気候の役割を無視していたが、現代の学者たちはそれを強調している。
B. 現代の学者は、社会に対するあらゆる環境的影響を否定している。
C. 初期の学者たちは環境を主要な決定要因と見なしていたが、現代の学者たちはそれを多くの要因の一つと見なしている。
D. 現代の学者は、初期の学者とは異なり、政治的な結果のみに焦点を当てている。
✅ 正确答案
Early scholars saw environment as a primary determinant, while modern scholars view it as one factor among many.
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