The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural dynamics and for its potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholars instead advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and technological innovation play a decisive role in shaping outcomes. This shift reflects a broader recognition of the interplay between natural constraints and human creativity, emphasizing that societies are not passive recipients of environmental forces but active agents in their own development.
❓ Согласно тексту, в чем заключается ключевое различие между экологическим детерминизмом и поссибилизмом?
A. A. Детерминизм игнорирует климат, тогда как поссибилизм акцентирует на нём внимание.
B. B. Детерминизм подчёркивает человеческую деятельность, в то время как поссибилизм подчёркивает контроль окружающей среды.
C. C. Детерминизм рассматривает окружающую среду как решающий фактор, в то время как поссибилизм подчёркивает человеческий выбор и инновации.
D. D. Детерминизм — это современная теория, в то время как поссибилизм устарел.
✅ 正确答案
C. Determinism sees environment as decisive, while possibilism highlights human choice and innovation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
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