The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural dynamics and for its potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholars instead advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and technological innovation play a decisive role in shaping outcomes. This shift reflects a broader recognition of the interplay between natural constraints and human creativity, emphasizing that societies are not passive recipients of environmental forces but active agents in their own development.
❓ According to the passage, what is a key difference between environmental determinism and possibilism?
A. A. Determinism ignores climate, while possibilism focuses on it.
B. B. Determinism emphasizes human agency, while possibilism emphasizes environmental control.
C. C. Determinism sees environment as decisive, while possibilism highlights human choice and innovation.
D. D. Determinism is a modern theory, while possibilism is outdated.
✅ 正确答案
C. Determinism sees environment as decisive, while possibilism highlights human choice and innovation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first