The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human societies are fundamentally shaped by their physical environment, such as climate and topography. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural developments and for justifying colonialism. Modern scholars, such as Jared Diamond, have revived interest in the topic but with more nuance, suggesting that environmental factors can influence, but not solely determine, societal outcomes. They emphasize the role of technological innovation and cultural exchange as mediators. This revised perspective acknowledges that while geography can pose constraints or offer opportunities, human agency and historical contingencies play equally crucial roles. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is seen as dynamic and interactive, rather than one-way deterministic.
❓ 文章によると、初期の環境決定論と現代の学術的視点との主な違いは何か。
A. 現代の学者たちは、環境が社会に与える影響を完全に否定している。
B. 現代の学者は、環境の影響をいくつかの要因の一つとして捉えており、唯一の決定要因とは見なしていない。
C. 初期の決定論者は気候のみに焦点を当てていたが、現代の学者は地形を無視している。
D. 現代の学者たちは、技術がすべての環境的制約を排除したと信じている。
✅ 正确答案
Modern scholars view environmental influence as one of several factors, not the sole determinant.
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