The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human societies are fundamentally shaped by their physical environment, such as climate and topography. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural developments and for justifying colonialism. Modern scholars, such as Jared Diamond, have revived interest in the topic but with more nuance, suggesting that environmental factors can influence, but not solely determine, societal outcomes. They emphasize the role of technological innovation and cultural exchange as mediators. This revised perspective acknowledges that while geography can pose constraints or offer opportunities, human agency and historical contingencies play equally crucial roles. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is seen as dynamic and interactive, rather than one-way deterministic.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between early environmental determinism and the modern scholarly perspective?
A. Modern scholars completely reject any influence of the environment on societies.
B. Modern scholars view environmental influence as one of several factors, not the sole determinant.
C. Early determinists focused only on climate, while modern scholars ignore topography.
D. Modern scholars believe technology has eliminated all environmental constraints.
✅ 正确答案
Modern scholars view environmental influence as one of several factors, not the sole determinant.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first