The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geographical studies. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and topography, directly shapes human behavior, cultural development, and societal structures. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions, with their abundant resources and harsh conditions, were associated with less advanced civilizations. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism and racial hierarchies. Modern geographers, including Jared Diamond, have refined the idea, suggesting that environmental factors influence but do not determine societal outcomes, with human agency and historical contingencies playing equally crucial roles. Thus, while the environment presents constraints and opportunities, its impact is mediated by cultural adaptation and technological innovation.
❓ Согласно тексту, какова основная критика раннего экологического детерминизма?
A. Оно игнорировало роль климата в формировании обществ.
B. Оно было основано на недостаточных географических данных.
C. Это упростило взаимосвязь между окружающей средой и обществом.
D. Оно сосредоточилось только на тропических регионах.
✅ 正确答案
It oversimplified the relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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