The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geographical studies. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and topography, directly shapes human behavior, cultural development, and societal structures. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions, with their abundant resources and harsh conditions, were associated with less advanced civilizations. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism and racial hierarchies. Modern geographers, including Jared Diamond, have refined the idea, suggesting that environmental factors influence but do not determine societal outcomes, with human agency and historical contingencies playing equally crucial roles. Thus, while the environment presents constraints and opportunities, its impact is mediated by cultural adaptation and technological innovation.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 초기 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 기후가 사회를 형성하는 역할을 무시했다.
B. 이는 불충분한 지리적 데이터에 기반한 것이었다.
C. 그것은 환경과 사회 사이의 관계를 지나치게 단순화했다.
D. 열대 지역에만 초점을 맞췄다.
✅ 正确答案
It oversimplified the relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first