The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geographical studies. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and topography, directly shapes human behavior, cultural development, and societal structures. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions, with their abundant resources and harsh conditions, were associated with less advanced civilizations. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism and racial hierarchies. Modern geographers, including Jared Diamond, have refined the idea, suggesting that environmental factors influence but do not determine societal outcomes, with human agency and historical contingencies playing equally crucial roles. Thus, while the environment presents constraints and opportunities, its impact is mediated by cultural adaptation and technological innovation.
❓ According to the passage, what is a key criticism of early environmental determinism?
A. It ignored the role of climate in shaping societies.
B. It was based on insufficient geographical data.
C. It oversimplified the relationship between environment and society.
D. It focused only on tropical regions.
✅ 正确答案
It oversimplified the relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first