The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective has been criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural dynamics. Modern research suggests that while environmental factors can influence certain aspects of life, such as agricultural practices or settlement patterns, they do not determine the entirety of human achievement. Instead, a more nuanced approach, known as 'possibilism', posits that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human ingenuity and cultural choices play a pivotal role in selecting among them. This shift reflects a broader recognition of human agency in shaping societies, even in challenging ecological contexts.
❓ この文章の主な考えは何ですか？
A. 環境決定論は地理学において最も正確な理論である。
B. 現代地理学は、環境が人間社会に与えるいかなる影響も否定している。
C. 環境は選択肢を提供するが、人間の選択もまた重要である。
D. 農業慣行は気候のみによって決定される。
✅ 正确答案
The environment provides options, but human choices are also crucial.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first