The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, posits that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence human behavior without restricting freedom of choice. This approach has been widely adopted in public policy, particularly in areas like organ donation, where default options are structured to increase participation rates. However, critics argue that nudges can be manipulative, as they exploit cognitive biases that individuals may not consciously recognize. Moreover, the effectiveness of nudges is often context-dependent, varying across cultures and demographic groups. A recent meta-analysis of 126 studies found that while nudges generally produce positive effects, their magnitude is smaller than initially claimed, and publication bias may overstate their success. Thus, while nudge theory offers a cost-effective tool for behavioral change, its application requires careful ethical consideration and empirical validation.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál de las siguientes opciones es una preocupación principal planteada por los críticos de la teoría del empujón?
A. Los empujones son demasiado costosos para implementarlos a gran escala.
B. Los empujones pueden explotar sesgos cognitivos inconscientes, lo que los hace manipuladores.
C. Los empujones han demostrado ser ineficaces en todos los contextos culturales.
D. Los empujones restringen la libertad de elección de los individuos en la toma de decisiones.
✅ 正确答案
Nudges may exploit unconscious cognitive biases, making them manipulative.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
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