The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by behavioral economist Richard Thaler, suggests that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence human behavior without restricting freedom of choice. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in pension plans, while allowing them to opt out, dramatically increases participation rates compared to requiring active enrollment. Critics argue, however, that such nudges may undermine autonomous decision-making by exploiting cognitive biases. Proponents counter that well-designed nudges can promote beneficial outcomes, such as healthier lifestyles or better financial planning, while preserving individual agency. The ethical debate centers on the balance between paternalism and liberty, raising questions about when it is justifiable to steer choices for the greater good.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es una preocupación ética principal respecto a la teoría del empujón?
A. A. Puede reducir la participación en los planes de pensión.
B. B. Podría manipular a individuos aprovechando sesgos cognitivos.
C. C. Restringe la libertad de elección al prohibir ciertas opciones.
D. D. Se centra demasiado en la planificación financiera en lugar de en la salud.
✅ 正确答案
B. It could manipulate individuals by leveraging cognitive biases.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first