The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by behavioral economist Richard Thaler, suggests that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence human behavior without restricting freedom of choice. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in pension plans, while allowing them to opt out, dramatically increases participation rates compared to requiring active enrollment. Critics argue, however, that such nudges may undermine autonomous decision-making by exploiting cognitive biases. Proponents counter that well-designed nudges can promote beneficial outcomes, such as healthier lifestyles or better financial planning, while preserving individual agency. The ethical debate centers on the balance between paternalism and liberty, raising questions about when it is justifiable to steer choices for the greater good.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, mối quan tâm đạo đức chính đối với lý thuyết "cú huých" (nudge theory) là gì?
A. A. Nó có thể làm giảm sự tham gia vào các kế hoạch hưu trí.
B. B. Nó có thể thao túng cá nhân bằng cách khai thác các thiên kiến nhận thức.
C. C. Nó hạn chế quyền tự do lựa chọn bằng cách cấm một số lựa chọn nhất định.
D. D. Nó tập trung quá nhiều vào kế hoạch tài chính thay vì sức khỏe.
✅ 正确答案
B. It could manipulate individuals by leveraging cognitive biases.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
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Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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