The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geography. Early proponents argued that human activities and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions. Contemporary research emphasizes 'possibilism', which suggests that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and cultural innovation play a pivotal role in shaping outcomes. For instance, societies in similar climates have developed vastly different technologies and social structures, indicating that environmental factors are not solely decisive. This shift reflects a broader recognition of the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between humans and their surroundings, where environmental constraints can be overcome through adaptation and ingenuity.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론의 주요 한계는 무엇인가?
A. 기후가 인간 발달에 미치는 역할을 무시한다.
B. 그것은 환경이 인간 사회에 미치는 영향을 지나치게 강조한다.
C. 지리적 특징을 고려하지 못한다.
D. 그것은 인간의 주체성 개념을 완전히 거부한다.
✅ 正确答案
It overemphasizes the influence of the environment on human societies.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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