The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate in geography. Early proponents argued that human activities and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions. Contemporary research emphasizes 'possibilism', which suggests that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and cultural innovation play a pivotal role in shaping outcomes. For instance, societies in similar climates have developed vastly different technologies and social structures, indicating that environmental factors are not solely decisive. This shift reflects a broader recognition of the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between humans and their surroundings, where environmental constraints can be overcome through adaptation and ingenuity.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, hạn chế chính của thuyết quyết định môi trường là gì?
A. Nó bỏ qua vai trò của khí hậu trong sự phát triển của con người.
B. Nó quá nhấn mạnh ảnh hưởng của môi trường đối với các xã hội loài người.
C. Nó không xem xét đến các đặc điểm địa lý.
D. Nó bác bỏ hoàn toàn khái niệm về quyền chủ động của con người.
✅ 正确答案
It overemphasizes the influence of the environment on human societies.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first