The concept of sustainable urban development has evolved significantly over the past decade, moving beyond mere environmental concerns to encompass social equity and economic viability. Recent studies indicate that cities adopting integrated green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and urban forests, not only mitigate flooding and heat islands but also enhance property values and public health. However, challenges persist, particularly in retrofitting existing urban areas where historical layouts and land ownership patterns complicate implementation. Moreover, critics argue that without robust community engagement, these initiatives may inadvertently exacerbate gentrification, displacing lower-income residents. Thus, effective policy must balance ecological goals with inclusive planning processes, ensuring that the benefits of sustainability are equitably distributed across all demographics.
❓ According to the passage, what is a major challenge in implementing sustainable urban development in existing cities?
A. A. The high cost of green infrastructure materials.
B. B. The difficulty of adapting old city layouts and land ownership structures.
C. C. The lack of scientific evidence supporting environmental benefits.
D. D. The opposition from property developers to any changes.
✅ 正确答案
B. The difficulty of adapting old city layouts and land ownership structures.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first