The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely dictated by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for its potential to justify colonialism. Contemporary scholars now favor a more nuanced approach, recognizing that while the environment poses constraints and offers opportunities, human agency, technology, and cultural values play equally significant roles in shaping outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward integrating multiple causal factors rather than relying on single explanations.
❓ この文章で述べられている学術的視点の主な変化は何ですか？
A. 環境制約を認識することから、それを完全に無視することへの転換。
B. 社会発展の理解を単一因子の説明から多因果的な把握へと移行すること。
C. 気候が文化的価値観を決定する上での役割に対する注目が高まっている。
D. 地理的要因が人間の行動に及ぼす影響をすべて否定すること。
✅ 正确答案
A move from a single-factor explanation to a multi-causal understanding of societal development.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first