The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely dictated by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for its potential to justify colonialism. Contemporary scholars now favor a more nuanced approach, recognizing that while the environment poses constraints and offers opportunities, human agency, technology, and cultural values play equally significant roles in shaping outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward integrating multiple causal factors rather than relying on single explanations.
❓ Điều gì là thay đổi chính trong quan điểm học thuật được mô tả trong đoạn văn?
A. Từ việc thừa nhận các giới hạn về môi trường chuyển sang hoàn toàn phớt lờ chúng.
B. 从单一因素解释转向对社会发展的多因理解。
C. Tăng cường tập trung vào vai trò của khí hậu trong việc xác định các giá trị văn hóa.
D. Sự bác bỏ mọi ảnh hưởng địa lý đến hành vi con người.
✅ 正确答案
A move from a single-factor explanation to a multi-causal understanding of societal development.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first