The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely dictated by climatic and geographical conditions, dominated geographical thought in the early twentieth century. However, this perspective was later criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism and racial hierarchies. Contemporary geography instead embraces 'possibilism,' which argues that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately shape outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward acknowledging the complex interplay between natural factors and human decision-making, rather than reducing causality to a single variable.
❓ Согласно тексту, какова основная причина, по которой экологический детерминизм был отвергнут?
A. Оно игнорировало роль технологий в современных обществах.
B. Это считалось слишком упрощённым и могло использоваться для поддержки неэтичных практик.
C. Оно не учитывало влияние климата на сельское хозяйство.
D. Это противоречило новым открытиям в физической географии.
✅ 正确答案
It was seen as too simplistic and could be used to support unethical practices.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first