The concept of 'green infrastructure' has gained significant traction in urban planning as a means to address climate change and biodiversity loss. Unlike conventional gray infrastructure, which relies on engineered systems such as concrete pipes and treatment plants, green infrastructure integrates natural processes into urban design. Examples include green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban wetlands, which manage stormwater, reduce heat islands, and provide habitats for wildlife. However, its effectiveness depends on careful spatial planning and maintenance. A recent study in Rotterdam found that while green roofs reduced annual runoff by up to 15%, their performance varied seasonally, with minimal benefit during intense rainfall events. Thus, green infrastructure should complement, not replace, traditional systems, particularly in areas prone to extreme weather.
❓ What is the main conclusion of the study mentioned in the passage?
A. Green infrastructure is superior to gray infrastructure in all climatic conditions.
B. Green roofs are most effective during heavy rainfall events in Rotterdam.
C. Green infrastructure cannot fully replace conventional systems, especially under extreme weather.
D. Urban wetlands provide the greatest benefit for stormwater management.
✅ 正确答案
Green infrastructure cannot fully replace conventional systems, especially under extreme weather.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first