雅思阅读

📖 Reading Passage

The concept of 'green infrastructure' has gained significant traction in urban planning as a means to address climate change and biodiversity loss. Unlike conventional gray infrastructure, which relies on engineered systems such as concrete pipes and treatment plants, green infrastructure integrates natural processes into urban design. Examples include green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban wetlands, which manage stormwater, reduce heat islands, and provide habitats for wildlife. However, its effectiveness depends on careful spatial planning and maintenance. A recent study in Rotterdam found that while green roofs reduced annual runoff by up to 15%, their performance varied seasonally, with minimal benefit during intense rainfall events. Thus, green infrastructure should complement, not replace, traditional systems, particularly in areas prone to extreme weather.