The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been contested in geographical discourse. Early proponents argued that human societal development was largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, contemporary scholars reject this simplistic causality, pointing to the remarkable technological and cultural adaptations of societies in similar environments. Instead, they advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and innovation play a decisive role in shaping outcomes. This shift reflects a broader intellectual movement away from reductionist explanations towards more nuanced, multi-causal frameworks that acknowledge the interplay between natural and social factors.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. A. 그것은 인간의 혁신의 역할을 지나치게 강조한다.
B. B. 기후가 사회에 미치는 영향을 무시한다.
C. C. 그것은 환경과 사회 사이의 직접적이고 단순한 연관성을 가정한다.
D. D. 서로 다른 기후에서의 기술적 적응을 고려하지 못한다.
✅ 正确答案
C. It assumes a direct and simplistic link between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first