The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been contested in geographical discourse. Early proponents argued that human societal development was largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, contemporary scholars reject this simplistic causality, pointing to the remarkable technological and cultural adaptations of societies in similar environments. Instead, they advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and innovation play a decisive role in shaping outcomes. This shift reflects a broader intellectual movement away from reductionist explanations towards more nuanced, multi-causal frameworks that acknowledge the interplay between natural and social factors.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es la principal crítica al determinismo ambiental?
A. A. Sobrepone el papel de la innovación humana.
B. B. Ignora la influencia del clima en las sociedades.
C. C. Asume un vínculo directo y simplista entre el medio ambiente y la sociedad.
D. D. No tiene en cuenta las adaptaciones tecnológicas en diferentes climas.
✅ 正确答案
C. It assumes a direct and simplistic link between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first