The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human activities and societal development are predominantly shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. This theory, popular in the 19th century, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with lethargy. However, modern scholars critique this perspective as overly simplistic and potentially biased, noting that it ignores the profound impact of technological advancement and cultural exchange. Contemporary research emphasizes a more nuanced interaction, where humans both adapt to and modify their environments, leading to diverse outcomes irrespective of latitude. For instance, the economic success of Singapore, a tropical nation, contradicts traditional deterministic predictions, highlighting the role of policy and globalization.
❓ 본문에서 언급된 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 그것은 사회 발전에서 기술의 역할을 과도하게 강조한다.
B. 그것은 기후가 인간 행동에 미치는 영향을 설명하지 못한다.
C. 이는 인간과 환경 사이의 복잡한 상호작용, 기술과 문화를 포함한 측면을 간과하고 있다.
D. 그것은 열대 지역이 본질적으로 더 생산적이라고 잘못 가정한다.
✅ 正确答案
It overlooks the complex interplay between humans and environment, including technology and culture.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first